1,795 research outputs found
Other-regarding behaviour: Testing guilt- and reciprocity-based models
We analyse two types of belief-dependant models of social preferences: guilt aversion and reciprocity. In particular, we test the relevance of their input variables (second-order beliefs and general dispositions for guilt/reciprocity). The data confirm the predictions of belief-dependant models. Both second-order beliefs and a participant's sensitivity to guilt/reciprocity are relevant for the decisions taken. Second-order beliefs appear to have an inverse U-shaped effect on the extent of kind behaviour.social preferences, other-regarding behaviour, belief-dependent models, experiments, trust game, guilt aversion, beliefs, psychological game theory, emotions, reciprocity
The EnMAP user interface and user request scenarios
EnMAP (Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program) is a German hyperspectral satellite mission providing high quality hyperspectral image data on a timely and frequent basis. Main objective is to investigate a wide range of ecosystem parameters encompassing agriculture, forestry, soil and geological environments, coastal zones and inland waters. The EnMAP Ground Segment will be designed, implemented and operated by the German Aerospace Center (DLR). The Applied Remote Sensing Cluster (DFD) at DLR is responsible for the establishment of a user interface. This paper provides details on the concept, design and functionality of the EnMAP user interface and a first analysis about potential user scenarios.
The user interface consists of two online portals. The EnMAP portal (www.enmap.org) provides general EnMAP mission information. It is the central entry point for all international users interested to learn about the EnMAP mission, its objectives, status, data products and processing chains. The EnMAP Data Access Portal (EDAP) is the entry point for any EnMAP data requests and comprises a set of service functions offered for every registered user. The scientific user is able to task the EnMAP HSI for Earth observations by providing tasking parameters, such as area, temporal aspects and allowed tilt angle.
In the second part of that paper different user scenarios according to the previously explained tasking parameters are presented and discussed in terms of their feasibility for scientific projects. For that purpose, a prototype of the observation planning tool enabling visualization of different user request scenarios was developed. It can be shown, that the number of data takes in a certain period of time increases with the latitude of the observation area. Further, the observation area can differ with the tilt angle of the satellite. Such findings can be crucial for the planning of remote sensing based projects, especially for those investigating ecosystem gradients in the time domain
Modality-independent recruitment of inferior frontal cortex during speech processing in human infants
Despite increasing interest in the development of audiovisual speech perception in infancy, the underlying mechanisms and neural processes are still only poorly understood. In addition to regions in temporal cortex associated with speech processing and multimodal integration, such as superior temporal sulcus, left inferior frontal cortex (IFC) has been suggested to be critically involved in mapping information from different modalities during speech perception. To further illuminate the role of IFC during infant language learning and speech perception, the current study examined the processing of auditory, visual and audiovisual speech in 6-month-old infants using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Our results revealed that infants recruit speech-sensitive regions in frontal cortex including IFC regardless of whether they processed unimodal or multimodal speech. We argue that IFC may play an important role in associating multimodal speech information during the early steps of language learning
Preservice Teachers\u27 Temperature Stories for Integer Addition and Subtraction
Ninety-eight elementary and middle school preservice teachers posed eight stories for integer addition and subtraction number sentences. Stories that were posed about temperature were analysed using a modified Martheâs (1979) framework for integer problem types. This framework was modified based on the stories provided by the preservice teachers. This paper reports on the problem types utilized by the preservice teachers. Results highlight that preservice teachers do not frequently use some problem types. Also, results may indicate that some number sentence types (e.g., -23 â -5=â) support different problem types (e.g., State-State-Translation)
Stochastic evolution in populations of ideas
It is known that learning of players who interact in a repeated game can be
interpreted as an evolutionary process in a population of ideas. These
analogies have so far mostly been established in deterministic models, and
memory loss in learning has been seen to act similarly to mutation in
evolution. We here propose a representation of reinforcement learning as a
stochastic process in finite "populations of ideas". The resulting birth-death
dynamics has absorbing states and allows for the extinction or fixation of
ideas, marking a key difference to mutation-selection processes in finite
populations. We characterize the outcome of evolution in populations of ideas
for several classes of symmetric and asymmetric games.Comment: 37 pages, 20 figure
Status of ISS Water Management and Recovery
Water management on ISS is responsible for the provision of water to the crew for drinking water, food preparation, and hygiene, to the Oxygen Generation System (OGS) for oxygen production via electrolysis, to the Waste & Hygiene Compartment (WHC) for flush water, and for experiments on ISS. This paper summarizes water management activities on the ISS US Segment, and provides a status of the performance and issues related to the operation of the Water Processor Assembly (WPA) and Urine Processor Assembly (UPA). This paper summarizes the on-orbit status as of June 2012, and describes the technical challenges encountered and lessons learned over the past year
Preservice Teachersâ Algebraic Reasoning and Symbol Use on a Multistep Fraction Word Problem
Previous research on preservice teachersâ understanding of fractions and algebra has focused on one or the other. To extend this research, we examined 85 undergraduate elementary education majors and middle school mathematics education majorsâ solutions and solution paths (i.e., the ways or methods in which preservice teachers solve word problems) when combining fractions with algebra on a multistep word problem. In this article, we identify and describe common strategy clusters and approaches present in the preservice teachersâ written work. Our results indicate that preservice teachersâ understanding of algebra include arithmetic methods, proportions, and is related to their understanding of a whole
Prospective Teachersâ Attention to Realism and Consistency with Negative Integers, Addition, and Temperature
Writing and evaluating contextual problems is an important task in the work of teaching, and thus is part of the knowledge that prospective teachers must develop. In dealing with word problems posed both by children and themselves, prospective teachers will need to attend to the realism of the context and the consistency between the operation and context with integer operations. This study describes an examination of the ways in which 100 prospective teachers responded to a childâs temperature story for an integer addition number sentence (i.e., 9 ĂŸ 6 ÂŒ â). The childâs story, which was an actual story posed by a Grade 5 student, did not use temperature realistically (realism), nor was it consistent with the given number sentence (consistency). The results indicated that when prospective teachers evaluated the childâs story, they tended to either focus on realism or consistency, but not both. If prospective teachers did not focus their response on realism or consistency, the response was much more likely to be unrealistic or inconsistent itself. Implications point to the importance of addressing both realism and consistency issues when examining integer word problems with prospective teachers
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Introduction of Fluorine and Fluorine-Containing Functional Groups
Over the past decade, the most significant, conceptual advances in the field of fluorination were enabled most prominently by organo- and transition-metal catalysis. The most challenging transformation remains the formation of the parent C[BOND]F bond, primarily as a consequence of the high hydration energy of fluoride, strong metalâfluorine bonds, and highly polarized bonds to fluorine. Most fluorination reactions still lack generality, predictability, and cost-efficiency. Despite all current limitations, modern fluorination methods have made fluorinated molecules more readily available than ever before and have begun to have an impact on research areas that do not require large amounts of material, such as drug discovery and positron emission tomography. This Review gives a brief summary of conventional fluorination reactions, including those reactions that introduce fluorinated functional groups, and focuses on modern developments in the field.Chemistry and Chemical Biolog
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